The power of the emperor was also limited by the imperial bureaucracy, which was staffed by scholar-officials and in some dynasties eunuchs. In practice, emperors sometimes avoided the strict rules of succession and dynasties' ostensible 'failures' were detailed in official histories written by their successful replacements. The absolute authority of the emperor came with a variety of governing duties and moral obligations failure to uphold these was thought to remove the dynasty's Mandate of Heaven and to justify its overthrow. The succession of emperors in a paternal family line constituted a dynasty. Under the Han dynasty, Confucianism replaced Legalism as the official political theory and succession theoretically followed agnatic primogeniture. In traditional Chinese political theory, the emperor was considered the Son of Heaven and the autocrat of All under Heaven. Varies according to dynasties, from 1420 to 1912 in the Forbidden City in BeijingĮmperor of China, or Huángdì, was the monarch of China during the imperial period of Chinese history. Xuantong Emperor (reigned from 2 December 1908 to 12 February 1912, abdicated due to Xinhai Revolution) A portrait of the Kangxi Emperor (1654-1722), the third emperor of the Qing dynasty and the longest reigning Chinese emperor

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